Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Practice Exam

The heartland-rimland theory, proposed by geopolitical strategist Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century, emphasizes the significance of geographical location for national power and control. According to this theory, the heartland, defined as the central area of Eurasia, is where the most powerful states would emerge due to its vast resources and strategic position. Mackinder argued that whoever controls this heartland controls the destiny of the world.

The rimland, which includes the coastal areas surrounding the heartland, is also crucial as it serves as the buffer zone against potential invaders and is rich in resources as well. Thus, the theory outlines that dominance over the Eurasian landmass, particularly the heartland, is essential for achieving global influence and power. This assertion captures the geopolitical dynamics of the 20th century, marking the heartland as a critical center for political, economic, and military control.

Other options do not align with the core principles of the theory. While oceanic routes might seem important, Mackinder emphasized land power over maritime influence. Similarly, while wealth concentration can influence power, the theory is fundamentally about geographical positioning rather than economic metrics alone. Cultural diffusion, although significant in shaping societies, does not directly relate to the