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What condition is referred to as zero population growth (ZPG)?
When immigration exceeds emigration
When births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration
When the birth rate exceeds death rate
When population remains stable over a decade
The correct answer is: When births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration
Zero population growth (ZPG) is defined as a condition in which the number of births plus immigration into a population equals the number of deaths plus emigration out of that population. This balance means that the overall population size remains stable over time, without significant growth or decline. In this context, when births and immigration are equal to deaths and emigration, it implies that the population is neither increasing nor decreasing, which is the essence of zero population growth. This situation can occur in countries experiencing low birth rates and higher percentages of emigration, maintaining a population that does not grow despite other demographic movements. The other options do not capture the essence of ZPG. For example, a situation where immigration exceeds emigration reflects a growing population rather than stability, while a higher birth rate compared to the death rate suggests growth rather than stability. Likewise, a stable population over a decade could potentially signify ZPG or fluctuations, but it does not explicitly clarify the balance required between births, deaths, immigration, and emigration to sustain that stability over time.