Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Practice Exam

What does transhumance refer to in agriculture?

1. The practice of rotating crops annually

2. The constant movement of herds in a set seasonal pattern of grazing

3. The permanent settlement of agricultural communities

4. The introduction of technology in traditional farming

The correct answer is: The constant movement of herds in a set seasonal pattern of grazing

Transhumance refers to the seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. It is characterized by a systematic and predictable pattern, where herders and their animals move to different locations based on the availability of grazing resources and climate changes. This practice allows for the sustainable use of land by preventing overgrazing in a single area and capitalizing on the natural growth cycles of vegetation. In areas where transhumance is practiced, herders will often ascend to higher elevations in the summer months to access lush pastures and descend to lower elevations during winter to find more temperate conditions for their livestock. This cyclical pattern is an adaptation to the environment and reflects the seasonal variations in climate and vegetation, allowing for effective resource management and herd health. The other options describe different agricultural practices. Rotating crops annually focuses on crop diversification to improve soil health and reduce pest outbreaks, while the permanent settlement of agricultural communities refers to sedentary farming where people live and farm in a fixed location. The introduction of technology pertains to modernization in farming techniques, which might enhance productivity but doesn't directly involve the movement of herds as transhumance does.