Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Practice Exam

What does vertical integration in agriculture refer to?

1. Growing multiple crops on a single farm

2. Contracts between farmers and producers

3. Farming practices that maximize land use

4. Hiring migrant workers for harvests

The correct answer is: Contracts between farmers and producers

Vertical integration in agriculture refers to the collaboration and contractual agreements between farmers and other entities within the agricultural supply chain, such as processors, distributors, and retailers. This integration allows farmers to secure a stable market for their products, ensure a consistent supply of inputs, and potentially increase their profitability. For example, a farmer may enter into a contract with a food processing company to grow a specific crop that the company needs, which provides the farmer with a guaranteed buyer and the company with reliable raw materials. This arrangement can lead to efficiencies in production, distribution, and marketing, as all parties work together more closely through each stage of the agricultural process—from production to final sale. This concept contrasts with the other choices, which do not encompass the full scope of vertical integration. Growing multiple crops focuses more on agricultural diversity than integration of supply chain processes. Farming practices that maximize land use deal with efficient use and management of land rather than the relationship dynamics of production and distribution. Hiring migrant workers is related to labor practices and does not address the structural integration of different stages of production in agriculture.