Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Practice Exam

What term refers to the evolution of mass production into a flexible system that responds to mass consumption?

1. Neo-Fordism

2. New Urbanism

3. Post-Fordism

4. Mass Customization

The correct answer is: Neo-Fordism

The correct term that refers to the evolution of mass production into a flexible system that responds to mass consumption is Post-Fordism. This concept emerged as a critique and advancement of Fordism, which is characterized by standardized mass production techniques designed for efficiency. Post-Fordism represents a shift towards more flexible production methods that allow for customization to meet consumer demands, highlighting innovation, technology, and a response to the varied needs of consumers. In this system, businesses adopt strategies like just-in-time production and decentralized management, facilitating a quicker response to market dynamics, consumer preferences, and economic changes. This evolution not only emphasizes flexibility but also includes a diverse labor force and a greater emphasis on services over goods. While Neo-Fordism is somewhat related as it suggests a revival of Fordist practices adapted to modern conditions, it doesn’t fully encapsulate the responsiveness to mass consumption that defines Post-Fordism. New Urbanism focuses more on urban planning and design, promoting walkable neighborhoods and sustainable communities, which is distinct from production systems. Mass Customization indeed refers to tailoring products to individual consumer preferences but does not encompass the broader systemic evolution implied by Post-Fordism.