Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Practice Exam

Which of the following best describes shamanism?

1. A formal organizational religion with a strict hierarchy

2. A traditional religion centered around a shaman with healing powers

3. A philosophy focused on nature and the environment

4. A political movement advocating for indigenous rights

The correct answer is: A traditional religion centered around a shaman with healing powers

Shamanism is best described as a traditional religion centered around a shaman, who is believed to have healing powers and the ability to communicate with the spirit world. This practice often involves rituals and ceremonies that are conducted to promote healing, guidance, and wellbeing within a community. The shaman acts as a mediator between the physical world and the spiritual realm, utilizing their unique skills and knowledge to address both individual and communal needs. In contrast, a formal organizational religion with a strict hierarchy represents a structured belief system with defined doctrines and leadership, which does not capture the fluid, personal, and community-centered nature of shamanism. While some philosophies emphasize a connection to nature and the environment, they do not encapsulate the spiritual rituals and healing practices intrinsic to shamanism. Additionally, a political movement advocating for indigenous rights is focused on social and political issues rather than the spiritual and healing practices that define shamanism. Hence, option B accurately reflects the essence of shamanism and its fundamental practices.